Polish soldiers among the ruins of the Monte Cassino monastery after its capture. Photographer unknown; public domain via Wikimedia Commons.

Monte Cassino: The Mountain Above the Road to Rome

In January 1944, American infantry tried to cross a river below Cassino. In February, bombers destroyed the monastery above it. In March, the town itself was devastated. Only in May did the defensive system finally give way. Those were not four repetitions of one battle: each attempt changed the ground, the armies and the choices available to the next.